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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This...
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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Studying stress transformation is essential in understanding how stress components within a material, like a cube under plane stress, change with rotation. This change is analyzed by considering a prismatic element within the cube. As the element rotates, the stress components acting on it—both normal and shearing stresses—change in magnitude and orientation. This change is quantified using trigonometric functions of the rotation angle, relating the forces acting on the rotated element's...
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Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
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Graphitizing Non-graphitizable Carbons by Stress-induced Routes.

Maziar Ghazinejad1,2, Sunshine Holmberg2, Oscar Pilloni3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University, Fresno, USA.

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|November 30, 2017
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Summary

This study enhances graphitic carbon synthesis by using electrospinning and mechanical stress to align polyacrylonitrile molecules. This physical approach improves graphitization and electrochemical properties of pyrolytic carbons.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Graphitic carbons are highly sought after for their unique properties and applications.
  • Carbon pyrolysis is a common synthesis method, but controlling graphitization of precursors remains a challenge.
  • Understanding factors influencing graphitization differences in pyrolyzed carbon precursors is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how electro-mechanical synthesis conditions influence molecular alignment and enhance graphitization of polymer precursors.
  • To demonstrate a method for improving the graphitization of non-graphitizing carbon precursors like polyacrylonitrile.
  • To correlate enhanced graphitization with improved electrochemical kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing electrospinning to apply electrohydrodynamic forces for unwinding and orienting polyacrylonitrile molecular chains.
  • Applying mechanical stresses during the crosslinking phase to further enhance molecular alignment.
  • Pyrolyzing the stabilized polymer precursor at 1000°C and characterizing the resulting carbon structure.
  • Evaluating the graphitization degree and the abundance of edge planes in the final carbon material.

Main Results:

  • Achieved uniform graphitization in the pyrolyzed carbon derived from polyacrylonitrile.
  • The carbon material exhibited a structure rich in edge planes, directly impacting its electrochemical performance.
  • Successfully demonstrated the influence of physical synthesis parameters on molecular alignment and graphitization.

Conclusions:

  • Physical synthesis conditions, specifically electro-mechanical forces, are critical for controlling molecular alignment and enhancing graphitization in pyrolytic carbons.
  • The developed method offers a pathway to tailor the structure and electrochemical properties of graphitic carbons.
  • This research provides valuable insights into the fundamental relationship between synthesis processes and the resulting material properties.