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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Evolutionary insights from wild vervet genomes.

Ellen M Leffler1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.

Nature Genetics
|November 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Genome-wide variation in vervet monkeys reveals complex evolutionary histories and signals of selection. Some genetic adaptations may be linked to resistance against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Primatology

Background:

  • Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are important models for studying primate evolution and disease.
  • Understanding genetic diversity is crucial for conservation and biomedical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze genome-wide variation in vervet monkeys across their geographic and taxonomic ranges.
  • To investigate the evolutionary history, including admixture and selection pressures, within this species.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome sequencing of 163 vervet monkeys.
  • Population genetic analyses to infer demographic history and identify selection signals.

Main Results:

  • Identification of extensive genome-wide variation across sampled vervet monkeys.

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  • Evidence for a complex history of admixture among different populations.
  • Detection of significant signals of positive selection in specific genomic regions.

    • Conclusions:

    • The genetic makeup of vervet monkeys reflects a dynamic evolutionary past with admixture events.
    • Selected genes may play a role in adaptation, potentially including resistance to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
    • These findings provide insights into primate evolution and host-pathogen interactions.