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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

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Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms02:18

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification of Prions
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How do PrPSc Prions Spread between Host Species, and within Hosts?

Neil A Mabbott1

  • 1The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Prion diseases spread through horizontal and vertical transmission, often acquired peripherally. Replication in lymphoid organs is crucial for neuroinvasion and subsequent brain spread.

Keywords:
PrPSccentral nervous systemhorizontal transmissionintestineprion proteinprionssecondary lymphoid organsvertical transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion proteins (PrPSc).
  • Pathology is confined to the central nervous system, leading to severe neurodegeneration.
  • Prions are infectious agents composed solely of abnormal prion protein isoforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transmission routes of prion diseases within populations.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of prion neuroinvasion from peripheral sites to the brain.
  • To identify factors influencing prion disease susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on prion disease transmission and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of prion spread via horizontal and vertical routes.
  • Examination of prion replication in secondary lymphoid organs.

Main Results:

  • Prion diseases can be acquired peripherally through oral, dermal, or nasal exposure.
  • Prion replication in lymphoid tissues facilitates neuroinvasion to the brain.
  • Factors like inflammation and aging may impact susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding prion spread is key to controlling these devastating diseases.
  • Peripheral exposure and lymphoid organ replication are critical steps in prion pathogenesis.
  • Further research into influencing factors may reveal new therapeutic targets.