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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
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Categorizing coordination from the perception of joint actions.

Joseph M Burling1, Hongjing Lu2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|December 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Humans perceive joint actions by analyzing visual cues like motion synchrony and spatial proximity. Temporal shifts reveal key features crucial for judging interactivity in social coordination.

Keywords:
Biological motionJoint actionPerception and actionPerceptual categorization and identification

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Computer Vision

Background:

  • Human social interaction relies on perceiving and coordinating actions.
  • Understanding how the visual system detects temporally coordinated joint actions is crucial.
  • The specific visual features guiding the perception of interactivity remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether specific visual features facilitate the detection of meaningful interactivity in joint actions.
  • To determine how temporal misalignments affect the perception of interactivity in different types of joint actions.
  • To identify critical visual features that influence judgments of interpersonal coordination.

Main Methods:

  • Participants rated the interactivity of video sequences depicting joint actions (e.g., handshakes, high fives).
  • Temporal misalignments were systematically introduced between actors' movements.
  • A probabilistic cluster model was used to analyze human rating distributions and infer categories of coordinated movements.

Main Results:

  • The impact of temporal offsets on interactivity ratings differed across various joint actions.
  • A probabilistic cluster model identified latent categories of coordinated movements.
  • Global motion synchrony, spatial proximity, and salient moments of interpersonal coordination emerged as critical features.

Conclusions:

  • Judgments of interactivity in joint actions are influenced by specific visual features.
  • Global motion synchrony and spatial proximity are key determinants of perceived interactivity.
  • The study elucidates visual cues essential for understanding social coordination and interaction.