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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Closed-Set Speech Discrimination Tests for Assessing Young Children.

Deborah A Vickers1, Brian C J Moore1, Arooj Majeed1

  • 1Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

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This study provides normative data and reliability for two consonant-discrimination tests (CCT and CAPT) in children. Results show good reliability and age-related performance improvements, aiding clinical assessment of auditory perception.

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of consonant discrimination is crucial for pediatric audiological evaluations.
  • Existing tests may lack normative data, reliability metrics, or age-specific guidelines for young children.
  • Developing and validating age-appropriate auditory perception tests is essential for early intervention and tracking progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative scores, test-retest reliability, critical differences, and age effects for two closed-set consonant-discrimination tests.
  • To evaluate the consonant confusion test (CCT) and the consonant-discrimination subtest of the Chear Auditory Perception Test (CAPT) in children aged 2-8 years.
  • To provide data supporting the clinical utility of CCT and CAPT for assessing auditory perception in children.

Main Methods:

  • Two closed-set word-identification tests, CCT and CAPT, were administered twice to normal-hearing children aged 3 years 2 months to 8 years 11 months.
  • Stimuli were presented at a low, fixed level to avoid ceiling effects and background noise.
  • Children responded using a computer mouse or touch screen to select one of four visual options.

Main Results:

  • Both CCT and CAPT demonstrated strong test-retest reliability (interclass correlation ≥ 0.8).
  • Critical differences were comparable to other monosyllabic speech tests, with tables provided for clinical application.
  • Performance generally improved with increasing age, particularly for the CCT, with regression equations offered.

Conclusions:

  • The CCT is suitable for children with a developmental age of 2 to 4.5 years.
  • The CAPT serves as an effective follow-on test for children scoring 80% or higher on the CCT.
  • These tests facilitate the assessment of consonant perception and changes over time or post-intervention.