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Related Concept Videos

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

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Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes01:23

Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes

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The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves the hepatocytes, the primary cells in the liver that generate bile. A range of transporters actively expels polar drugs or hydrophilic drug metabolites into the bile, which transports the drugs and metabolites into the small intestine. From here, they are eventually expelled from the body through feces. In some instances, the original drug or a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Cholesterol Efflux Assay
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Transintestinal cholesterol excretion in humans.

Laurens F Reeskamp1, Emma C E Meessen2, Albert K Groen3,4

  • 1Department of Vascular Medicine.

Current Opinion in Lipidology
|December 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) significantly impacts fecal sterol excretion in humans. Targeting TICE offers a potential therapeutic strategy for cholesterol management, though clinical benefits require further study.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Gastroenterology
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) represents the net movement of cholesterol from enterocytes to the intestinal lumen.
  • It is a crucial process influencing cholesterol homeostasis and fecal sterol elimination in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of TICE measurement and its cellular mechanisms.
  • To evaluate TICE as a therapeutic target for enhancing reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol disposal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vivo and in vitro studies in human and mouse models.
  • Analysis of cholesterol transport pathways including absorption, excretion, and lipoprotein uptake by enterocytes.

Main Results:

  • TICE significantly contributes to fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion, independent of the biliary pathway.
  • Key molecular players include ABCG5/8 transporters and NPC1L1.
  • Several therapeutic agents, including plant sterols and PCSK9 inhibitors, can target TICE.

Conclusions:

  • TICE is a significant contributor to fecal cholesterol excretion with well-defined cellular mechanisms.
  • Targeting TICE presents a promising therapeutic avenue for managing cholesterol levels and promoting reverse cholesterol transport.
  • Further clinical studies are necessary to validate the therapeutic efficacy of TICE-targeting interventions.