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Photoelectric Effect

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

Published on: July 8, 2013

Surface-Plasmon-Driven Hot Electron Photochemistry.

Yuchao Zhang¹, Shuai He¹, Wenxiao Guo¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States.

Chemical Reviews

|December 1, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmonic nanostructures harness solar energy via hot electrons for visible-light photochemistry. This review explores their mechanisms, applications, and challenges for efficient solar fuel production.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photochemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Visible-light-driven photochemistry offers a sustainable solution for energy challenges.
Plasmonic nanostructures are promising for solar energy harvesting due to tunable optical and catalytic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding hot electron generation in plasmonic nanostructures.
To discuss electron-transfer models and applications in plasmon-driven photochemistry.
To identify challenges and future opportunities in the field.

Main Methods:

Theoretical and experimental approaches for hot electron generation.
Analysis of electron-transfer models in metal and heterostructure systems.
Review of recent photochemical reaction examples.

Main Results:

Hot electrons generated from plasmon excitation can drive chemical reactions.
Various electron-transfer mechanisms are proposed for different nanostructure configurations.
Plasmonic metal and metal/semiconductor heterostructures show potential for photochemistry.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed to improve reaction efficiencies in hot-electron-induced photochemistry.
Exploring novel plasmonic materials and heterostructures can enhance solar energy conversion.
Addressing fundamental challenges will unlock the full potential of plasmonic photocatalysis.