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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Proteasome01:13

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

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Autophagy and disease.

Andrew Thorburn1

  • 1From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045 andrew.thorburn@ucdenver.edu.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|December 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is crucial for health and disease. Manipulating autophagy is a promising therapeutic strategy currently being explored in numerous clinical trials for various conditions.

Keywords:
autophagycancerdiseaseinfectious diseasemetabolic diseaseneurodegeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process involving the degradation and recycling of cellular components via lysosomes.
  • This process is vital for maintaining cellular and organismal homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in various pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexities of autophagy.
  • To highlight the association between autophagy and disease.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for therapeutically manipulating autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on autophagy.
  • Analysis of the role of autophagy in physiological and pathological states.
  • Examination of ongoing clinical trials targeting autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy plays a critical role in cellular metabolism and waste removal.
  • Aberrant autophagy (both increased and decreased) is linked to numerous diseases.
  • Clinical trials are actively investigating autophagy modulation as a therapeutic approach.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the intricate mechanisms of autophagy is essential for its therapeutic application.
  • Overcoming current challenges in modulating autophagy is key to successful disease treatment.
  • Targeting autophagy holds significant promise for treating a wide range of diseases.