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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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On type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis.

Stavroula A Paschou1, Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou1, George P Chrousos1

  • 1Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Endocrine Connections
|December 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys insulin-producing beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors trigger this slow destruction, leading to insulin deficiency and diabetes.

Keywords:
autoimmunitygeneticsmicrobiotapathogenesistype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) arises from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Its pathogenesis differs significantly from type 2 diabetes mellitus, which involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
  • Understanding T1DM's unique autoimmune basis is crucial for targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors in T1DM pathogenesis.
  • To describe the natural history of beta cell destruction in T1DM.
  • To highlight the prolonged asymptomatic phase preceding clinical diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T1DM etiology.
  • Analysis of immunological markers and genetic predispositions.
  • Examination of the temporal relationship between beta cell loss and symptom onset.

Main Results:

  • T1DM results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • Environmental triggers initiate a slow autoimmune process, often spanning years.
  • Patients remain asymptomatic and euglycemic during the autoimmune attack, marked by autoantibodies, before overt diabetes manifests.

Conclusions:

  • T1DM is a distinct autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive beta cell loss.
  • A significant beta cell mass must be destroyed before clinical symptoms appear.
  • Identifying triggers and understanding the slow progression are key for T1DM prevention and early intervention.