In Vitro Sonothrombolysis Enhancement by Transiently Stable Microbubbles Produced by a Flow-Focusing Microfluidic...

Therapeutic approaches that enhance thrombolysis by combining recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), ultrasound, and/or microbubbles (MBs) are known as sonothrombolysis techniques. To date, sonothrombolysis approaches have primarily utilized commercially available MB formulations (or derivatives thereof) with diameters in the range 1-4 µm and circulation lifetimes between 5 and 15 min. The present study evaluated the in vitro sonothrombolysis efficacy of large diameter MBs (d _MB ≥ 10 µm) with much shorter lifetimes that were produced on demand and in close proximity to the blood clot using a flow-focusing microfluidic device. MBs with a N₂ gas core and a non-crosslinked bovine serum albumin shell were produced with diameters between 10 and 20 µm at rates between 50 and 950 × 10³ per second. Use of these large MBs resulted in approximately 4.0-8.8 fold increases in thrombolysis rates compared to a clinical rtPA dose and approximately 2.1-4.2 fold increases in thrombolysis rates compared to sonothrombolysis techniques using conventional MBs. The results of this study indicate that the large diameter microbubbles with transient stability are capable of significantly enhanced in vitro sonothrombolysis rates when delivered directly to the clot immediately following production by a flow focusing microfluidic device placed essentially in situ adjacent to the clot.