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Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Wild gut microbiota protects from disease.

Francesca S Gazzaniga1, Dennis L Kasper1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell Research
|December 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Wild mice share genetic similarities with laboratory mice. However, their unique gut microbiota provides protection against various diseases, offering potential insights for health research.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Laboratory mice are crucial models for biomedical research.
  • Understanding the differences between wild and laboratory mouse biology is essential for translational studies.
  • The gut microbiota plays a significant role in host health and disease susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differences in gut microbiota composition between wild mice and laboratory mice.
  • To determine if the distinct gut microbiota of wild mice confers disease resistance.
  • To explore the potential of wild mouse microbiota as a protective factor.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gut microbial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing.
  • Genomic comparison between wild and laboratory mouse populations.

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  • Disease challenge experiments to assess protective effects of wild mouse microbiota.

    • Main Results:

    • Wild mice possess a distinct gut microbial composition compared to conventionally housed laboratory mice.
    • This distinct microbiota confers significant protection against experimentally induced diseases.
    • Genetic similarity between wild and laboratory mice highlights the microbiota's independent role in health.

    Conclusions:

    • The gut microbiota of wild mice is a key factor in their disease resilience.
    • Wild mouse gut microbiota represents a valuable resource for understanding host-microbe interactions and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
    • Further research into wild mouse microbiota could enhance the applicability of laboratory mouse models.