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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Cerebral cortex development: an outside-in perspective.

Gulistan Agirman1, Loïc Broix1, Laurent Nguyen1

  • 1GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), Liège, Belgium.

FEBS Letters
|December 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radial glial cells (RGCs) are key to developing the cerebral cortex. This review explores how external signals and viral factors influence RGCs, impacting brain development and layering.

Keywords:
cerebral cortexenvironmental cuesneural progenitorsneurogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The cerebral cortex exhibits complex layering and regional specialization, with neurons generated during embryonic development.
  • Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the primary progenitors in the developing cortex, undergoing divisions to produce neurons.
  • Cortical development involves precise regulation of RGC proliferation and differentiation, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of extracellular cues in regulating dorsal neurogenesis and cerebral cortex patterning.
  • To discuss the impact of pathogenic viral factors on RGC behavior and cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on RGC behavior during corticogenesis.
  • Focuses on physiological extracellular signals and viral influences.

Main Results:

  • RGC fate is tightly regulated by external signals and intrinsic factors throughout corticogenesis.
  • Extracellular cues guide the generation and patterning of cortical neurons.
  • Viral factors can disrupt RGC function and impair cerebral cortex development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding RGC regulation by physiological and pathological factors is crucial for comprehending cerebral cortex development.
  • Disruption of RGC behavior by viruses highlights potential mechanisms for neurodevelopmental disorders.