Huanglongbing Control: Perhaps the End of the Beginning

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive citrus plant diseases worldwide. It is associated with the fastidious phloem-limited α-proteobacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. Liberibacter africanus' and 'Ca. Liberibacter americanus'. In recent years, HLB-associated Liberibacters have extended to North and South America. The causal agents of HLB have been putatively identified, and their transmission pathways and worldwide population structure have been extensively studied. However, very little is known about the epidemiologic relationships of Ca. L. asiaticus, which has limited the scope of HLB research and especially the development of control strategies. HLB-affected plants produce damaged fruits and die within several years. To control the disease, scientists have developed new compounds and screened existing compounds for their antibiotic and antimicrobial activities against the disease. These compounds, however, have very little or even no effect on the disease. The aim of the present review was to compile and compare different methods of HLB disease control with newly developed integrative strategies. In light of recent studies, we also describe how to control the vectors of this disease and the biological control of other citrus plant pathogens. This work could steer the attention of scientists towards integrative control strategies.