Anaerobic crystallization of proteins

Crystallization has been a bottleneck in the X-ray crystallography of proteins. Although many techniques have been developed to overcome this obstacle, the impurities caused by chemical reactions during crystallization have not been sufficiently considered. Oxidation of proteins, which can lead to poor reproducibility of the crystallization, is a prominent example. Protein oxidization in the crystallization droplet causes inter-molecular disulfide bridge formation, formation of oxidation film, and precipitation of proteins. These changes by oxidation are typically irreversible. The best approach for preventing protein oxidization during crystallization is anaerobic crystallization. Here we review the anaerobic crystallization of proteins, which was originally developed to trap a reaction intermediate of the enzyme in the crystal. We also summarize representative anaerobic crystallizations from our laboratory and the general setup of anaerobic crystallization.