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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

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Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
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Regulation of Water Output01:26

Regulation of Water Output

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The human body predominantly expels water through the urinary system. On average, an individual generates around 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount can fluctuate based on how well a person is hydrated, but a critical minimum quantity of urine must be produced to ensure the body's proper functioning. Daily, the kidneys remove 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances, effectively excreting excess minerals and water-soluble toxins such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid from the...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
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Special Section on Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Disorders of the Urinary and Gastrointestinal Tracts-Editorial.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics·2024
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Long-term follow-up of TREK-1 KO mice reveals the development of bladder hypertrophy and impaired bladder smooth muscle contractility with age.

American journal of physiology. Renal physiology·2024
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Therapeutic Approaches for Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome; Management: Research Advances, Experimental Targets, and Future Directions.

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Anti-fibrotic effect of tocotrienols for bladder dysfunction due to partial bladder outlet obstruction.

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Differential transcriptomic changes in the central nervous system and urinary bladders of mice infected with a coronavirus.

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Pharmacogenetic inhibition of lumbosacral sensory neurons alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in a mouse model of chronic pelvic pain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

2.4K

How the brain controls urination.

Anna P Malykhina1

  • 1Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States.

Elife
|December 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Brainstem and cortex coordination ensures timely urination. This brainstem-cortex communication is crucial for controlling the timing of voiding.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Urology

Background:

  • Urination is a complex process requiring precise neural control.
  • The brainstem and cerebral cortex play significant roles in regulating micturition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the coordination mechanisms between the brainstem and cortex in controlling urination timing.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated neural pathways involved in micturition control.
  • Analyzed the interplay between brainstem and cortical regions during voiding reflexes.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant coordination between brainstem and cortical activity.
  • Identified neural signals facilitating appropriate timing of urination.
Keywords:
Barrington's nucleusbladdercortexlocus coeruleusmicturitionneuroscienceratvoiding

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A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
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Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

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A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
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A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder
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Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

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Conclusions:

  • Effective brainstem-cortex communication is essential for voluntary control of urination.
  • Understanding these neural circuits can inform treatments for bladder dysfunction.