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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

337
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Establishment of Orthotopic Patient-derived Xenograft Models for Brain Tumors using a Stereotaxic Device
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Pediatric Brain Tumors.

Mai Dang, Peter C Phillips

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |December 5, 2017
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    Summary
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    Molecular profiling is revolutionizing pediatric brain tumor diagnosis and treatment. New classifications and targeted therapies are emerging based on genetic and epigenetic data for better patient outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Oncology
    • Neuro-oncology
    • Molecular Pathology

    Background:

    • Pediatric brain tumors represent a significant challenge in childhood oncology.
    • Traditional classification systems are evolving with molecular insights.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review common pediatric brain tumors.
    • To highlight advancements in diagnosis and treatment strategies.
    • To discuss the impact of molecular profiling.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent literature on pediatric brain tumor genetics and epigenetics.
    • Analysis of the 2016 World Health Organization classification updates.
    • Examination of emerging molecular targets for therapy.

    Main Results:

    • Molecular profiling has led to reclassification of pediatric brain tumors, replacing older categories like primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
    • Specific molecular subtypes have been identified for medulloblastomas, diffuse astrocytomas, and ependymomas.
    • Epigenetic subgrouping is influencing future research and clinical trial design for tumors like atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors.

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic and epigenetic data are transforming the diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors.
    • These molecular insights are guiding new treatment strategies and outcome analyses.
    • The molecular era offers novel therapeutic targets for pediatric brain cancer.