[Importance of intestinal paleomicrobiome study for contemporaneous medical problematics]

Human gut microbiome composition and diversity increasingly appear as a reliable marker of human evolution within his environment, and of health and its alteration (concept of dysbiosis); as a matter of fact, it can be considered as a strong marker of the disease status of individuals. Thus, in retrospect, the capacity to profile the gut microbiome would offer a great opportunity to identify individual and societal changes to which ancient populations were exposed. A global and diachronic view of the gut microbiome evolution is necessary in order to highlight the potential role of environmental factors or human habits in this process. However, to make the most of its contribution, archaeo-microbiology should aim at being as exhaustive as possible, encompassing parasites which have likely played a major role in the development of the mammalian immune system, and viruses.