Alkyl Xylosides: Physico-Chemical Properties and Influence on Environmental Bacteria Cells

A group of four selected non-ionic surfactants based on carbohydrates, namely octyl d-xyloside (C₈X), nonyl d-xyloside (C₉X), decyl d-xyloside (C₁₀X) and dodecyl d-xyloside (C₁₂X), have been investigated to accomplish a better understanding of their physico-chemical properties as well as biological activities. The surface-active properties, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), emulsion and foam stability, the impact of the compounds on cell surface hydrophobicity and cell membrane permeability together with their toxicity on the selected bacterial strains have been determined as well. The studied group of surfactants showed high surface-active properties allowing a decrease in the surface tension to values below 25 mN m^-1 for dodecyl d-xyloside at the CMC. The investigated compounds did not have any toxic influence on two Pseudomonas bacterial strains at concentrations below 25 mg L^-1. The studied long-chain alkyl xylosides influenced both the cell inner membrane permeability and the cell surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the alkyl chain length, as well as the surfactant concentration, had a significant impact on the modifications of the cell surface properties. The tested non-ionic surfactants exhibited strong surface-active properties accompanied by the significant influence on growth and properties of Pseudomonas bacteria cells.