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Effect of parameter selection on entropy calculation for long walking trials.

Jennifer M Yentes1, William Denton1, John McCamley2

  • 1Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182-0860, USA.

Gait & Posture
|December 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

For reliable gait analysis using entropy measures like Sample Entropy (SampEn), using a constant r value is recommended. This ensures consistency, especially when analyzing step time data from treadmill or overground walking.

Keywords:
ComplexityGaitLocomotionPredictabilityRegularityTreadmill

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Nonlinear Dynamics
  • Data Analysis

Background:

  • Obtaining long, uninterrupted data sets for nonlinear analysis is challenging, particularly in pathological populations.
  • The optimal number of data points and parameter settings for reliable entropy analysis in gait data remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying parameters (m, r, N) on Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and Sample Entropy (SampEn) calculations.
  • To compare entropy calculations for gait data obtained from overground versus treadmill walking.
  • To determine the most consistent parameter settings for entropy analysis of gait step time data.

Main Methods:

  • Collected one-hour step time data from 14 young adults during overground and treadmill walking at preferred speeds.
  • Calculated ApEn and SampEn using various combinations of parameters m, N, and r (tested as r*standard deviation and r constant).
  • Analyzed the relative consistency and differences in entropy values based on parameter choices and walking modes.

Main Results:

  • ApEn results varied significantly with different combinations of r, m, and N, showing less consistency.
  • SampEn demonstrated excellent relative consistency when a constant r value was used across all parameter combinations.
  • When using a constant r, overground walking appeared more regular than treadmill walking; however, treadmill walking was more regular with rSD for both ApEn and SampEn.

Conclusions:

  • For maximal consistency in gait step time entropy analysis, utilizing Sample Entropy (SampEn) with a constant r value is recommended.
  • Researchers must examine and report multiple r values when applying entropy measures to ensure findings are not parameter artifacts.
  • The choice of walking mode (overground vs. treadmill) influences regularity findings depending on the entropy parameter r used.