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Related Concept Videos

Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

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Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Tendon Research by Developing Mouse Assembloids to Understand Cellular Mechanisms
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Cytokines in tendon disease: A Systematic Review.

W Morita1, S G Dakin1, S J B Snelling1

  • 1Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK.

Bone & Joint Research
|December 6, 2017
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Summary

This systematic review identifies key inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), involved in tendon disease and healing. Further research is needed to uncover additional cytokines contributing to tendon inflammation.

Keywords:
CytokineTendinopathyTendon

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Immunology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Tendon disease involves inflammation critical for onset and progression.
  • Key cytokines driving tendon inflammation remain unidentified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on cytokine expression in tendon disease, healing, and exercise.
  • To identify key cytokines involved in tendon inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of MEDLINE database (March 2017).
  • Included studies on interleukins (ILs), TNF-α, and interferon gamma expression in human tendon tissues and animal models.
  • Compared diseased/exercised tissues with healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α are frequently studied.
  • IL-6 increased in tendon tears and after exercise in healthy tendons.
  • Animal models showed increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α during early healing and exercise response.

Conclusions:

  • IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α play roles in tendon disease, healing, and exercise response.
  • Evidence suggests other cytokines also contribute to tendon inflammation.
  • Further hypothesis-free research is warranted to identify key cytokines and their mechanisms.