Trace quantification of selected sulfonamides in aqueous media by implementation of a new dispersive solid-phase...

Herein, a new dispersive solid-phase extraction method using a nano magnetic titanium dioxide graphene-based sorbent in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection was successfully developed. The method was proved to be simple, sensitive, and highly efficient for the trace quantification of sulfacetamide, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadiazine in relatively large volume of aqueous media. Initially, the nano magnetic titanium dioxide graphene-based sorbent was successfully synthesized and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then, the sorbent was used for the sorption and extraction of the selected sulfonamides mainly through π-π stacking hydrophobic interactions. Under the established conditions, the calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 1-200 μg/L. The limit of quantification (precision of 20%, and accuracy of 80-120%) for the detection of each sulfonamide by the proposed method was 1.0 μg/L. To test the extraction efficiency, the method was applied to various fortified real water samples. The average relative recoveries obtained from the fortified samples varied between 90 and 108% with the relative standard deviations of 5.3-10.7%.