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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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The 2003 European heat waves.

T Kosatsky1,2

  • 1Direction de santé publique, Montréal.

Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin
|December 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The 2003 European heat waves caused significantly more excess deaths than initially estimated, with figures for western Europe likely doubling when all affected regions and months are considered.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • The summer of 2003 experienced severe heat waves across Europe.
  • An initial report estimated 22,080 excess deaths in four European countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update and provide additional context on excess mortality during the 2003 European heat waves.
  • To revise the initial death estimates by including data from additional countries and time periods.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation and analysis of excess death data from multiple European countries.
  • Comparison of reported mortality figures with historical data and previous estimates.

Main Results:

  • Excess death estimates for England and Wales, France, and Portugal remained largely unchanged.
Keywords:
climate change

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  • Significant excess deaths were reported in Spain (6,595–8,648) and the Netherlands (1,400–2,200).
  • Data from Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany indicated substantial heat-related mortality, suggesting the initial estimate for western Europe should be revised upward by at least 50% and potentially 100% or more.

    • Conclusions:

    • The 2003 heat waves had a profound and widespread impact on mortality across western Europe.
    • The total excess death toll from the 2003 heat waves is likely significantly higher than previously reported.
    • Further research and surveillance are crucial for understanding and mitigating the impact of extreme heat events.