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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?
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Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?

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Activating HER2 mutations as emerging targets in multiple solid cancers.

Claire M Connell1,2, Gary J Doherty1

  • 1Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.

ESMO Open
|December 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HER2 mutations drive cancers similarly to gene amplification. HER2-directed drugs show promise in HER2 mutant cancers, but efficacy varies, necessitating further research into resistance mechanisms.

Keywords:
activating mutationscancerher2oncogenetreatment

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Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including HER2, regulates cell proliferation and survival.
  • HER2 activation, through gene amplification or mutation, drives oncogenesis in various cancers.
  • HER2-directed therapies are standard for HER2-amplified breast and gastro-oesophageal cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging roles of HER2-directed drugs in cancers with HER2 mutations.
  • To analyze preclinical and clinical data on HER2 mutant-driven cancers.
  • To guide clinical practice and future drug development for HER2 mutant cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of experimental models investigating HER2 mutational activation.
  • Discussion of clinical data from Phase I and II trials of HER2-directed agents.
  • Analysis of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antibody-based drugs in HER2 mutant cancers.

Main Results:

  • Functionally activating HER2 mutations may drive cancer, analogous to gene amplification.
  • HER2 mutations may confer sensitivity to HER2-directed drugs.
  • Heterogeneity in HER2 mutations and variable clinical efficacy across cancer types observed.

Conclusions:

  • HER2-directed drugs are a potential therapeutic strategy for HER2 mutant cancers.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing treatment.
  • Further research is needed to refine clinical applications and drug development.