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Related Concept Videos

Tissue Transplantation01:24

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

A Standardized Pig to Macaque Heterotopic Heart Xenotransplantation Model
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Published on: November 4, 2025

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Xenotransplantation: back to the future?

Raphael P H Meier1, Yannick D Muller2,3, Alexandre Balaphas1

  • 1Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation
|December 7, 2017
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Summary

Xenotransplantation research has overcome major hurdles using genetic engineering, including CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Advances now enable genetically modified pigs for potential organ transplantation and growing humanized organs in pigs.

Keywords:
CRISPR Cas/9TALENblastocyst complementationcell transplantationgenome editing technologiesinterspecific organ generationnonhuman primatesnucleasessafetytransplantationxenotransplantationxenozoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Transplantation Biology
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Xenotransplantation, using animal organs in humans, has faced significant challenges over 50 years, including technical, ethical, and safety concerns.
  • Previous attempts were hampered by immune rejection and the risk of xenozoonosis, leading to a shift back to preclinical research.
  • Progress in pig-to-nonhuman-primate models was limited, causing setbacks in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in xenotransplantation, focusing on nonhuman primate models.
  • To describe novel genome editing technologies and their application in xenotransplantation.
  • To explore emerging strategies for interspecific organ generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced genetic engineering techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, to create genetically modified pigs.
  • Generating multiple-xenoantigen knockout pigs with human transgenes.
  • Achieving genomewide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs).
  • Exploring blastocyst complementation for growing humanized organs in pigs.

Main Results:

  • Genetic engineering breakthroughs have enabled the creation of pigs with modified genomes to reduce immune rejection.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows precise gene editing for xenotransplantation purposes.
  • Inactivation of PERVs mitigates viral transmission risks.
  • Blastocyst complementation shows promise for generating humanized organs within a porcine host.

Conclusions:

  • Modern genetic engineering, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, is overcoming historical barriers in xenotransplantation.
  • These advancements offer new possibilities for overcoming organ shortages through genetically modified pigs.
  • The development of humanized organs in pigs represents a significant future direction for regenerative medicine.