Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Laparoscopic Anatomic S7+S8d Resection Preserving Inferior Right Hepatic Vein and S6 with Right Hepatic Vein Transection
Published on: December 30, 2025
Current management of refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis
Ruihong Zhao1, Juan Lu1, Yu Shi1
1Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Abstract:
Liver cirrhosis is a health problem worldwide, and ascites is its principal symptom. Refractory ascites is intractable and occurs in 5%-10% of all patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Refractory ascites leads to a poor quality of life and high mortality rate. Ascites develops as a result of portal hypertension, which leads to water-sodium retention and renal failure. Various therapeutic measures can be used for refractory ascites, including large-volume paracentesis, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, vasoconstrictive drugs, and an automated low-flow ascites pump system. However, ascites generally can be resolved only by liver transplantation. Because not all patients can undergo liver transplantation, traditional approaches are still used to treat refractory ascites. The choice of treatment modality for refractory ascites depends, among other factors, on the condition of the patient.
Related Concept Videos
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care
Assessment:
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies
Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management