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    Remarkable cases of brain anomalies challenge the assumption that specific brain structures dictate cognitive functions. This review explores conditions like hydrocephalus and savant abilities, questioning established neuroscience models.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Cognitive Science
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Neuroscience traditionally links human mental functions to specific brain structures, like the neocortex.
    • This view assumes distinct functional units integrate to form consciousness and memory.
    • However, cases of brain anomalies reveal discrepancies between brain structure and cognitive ability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review remarkable cases of brain anomalies and their impact on cognitive functioning.
    • To question the assumed, well-defined roles of specific brain structures in mental processes.
    • To consider the implications for models of brain functioning and neural plasticity.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature and case studies.
    • Analysis of conditions including hydrocephalus, hemihydranencephaly, and hemispherectomy.
    • Inclusion of insights from 'savant' abilities and memory processing.

    Main Results:

    • Documented cases show significant discrepancies between cerebral structures and cognitive abilities.
    • Conditions like hydrocephalus and hemispherectomy can exist with preserved or altered cognitive functions.
    • Savant abilities demonstrate extraordinary cognitive skills despite atypical brain development.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings challenge the strict localization of cognitive functions to specific brain regions.
    • Neural plasticity may play a crucial role in adapting cognitive functions to brain anomalies.
    • Encompassing models of brain functioning must account for these exceptional cases and neuroplasticity.