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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
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Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

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Stapes Release in Tympanosclerosis.

Es-Hak Bedri1,2, Nebiat Teferi3,4, Miriam Redleaf5

  • 1Honorary Otology Faculty, University of Illinois Department of Otolaryngology, Chicago, Illinoiss.

Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [And] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology
|December 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tympanosclerosis surgery in Ethiopia can be simplified to a single stage. This approach, involving stapes release and ossicular reconstruction, offers similar hearing improvements to traditional two-stage methods without worsening hearing loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Middle Ear Surgery
  • Tympanosclerosis Management

Background:

  • Tympanosclerosis, common in Ethiopia, frequently affects the stapes, complicating middle ear surgery.
  • Traditional two-stage operations for tympanic membrane perforation with tympanosclerosis are cost-prohibitive in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia.
  • A practical, single-stage surgical approach is needed for Ethiopian patients with tympanosclerosis and stapes fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single-stage tympanoplasty with stapes release and ossicular reconstruction for tympanosclerosis.
  • To compare surgical outcomes between patients with stapes fixation due to tympanosclerosis and a control group without tympanosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • A series of 67 patients underwent single-stage tympanoplasty, stapes plaque removal (stapes release), and ossicular chain reconstruction.
  • A control group of 67 patients with similar perforations but no tympanosclerosis underwent standard tympanoplasty, often with type III reconstruction.
  • Surgical outcomes, including air-bone gap improvement, tympanic membrane closure, and complications, were assessed and compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • Both groups showed significant air-bone gap improvement (18 dB in stapes release group, 23 dB in control group).
  • Postoperative air-bone gap was not worse than 45 dB in any patient; 37% of the stapes release group and 66% of controls achieved better than 20 dB.
  • Tympanic membrane closure rates were high (96%) in both groups, with transient facial nerve weakness in two early cases of the stapes release group.

Conclusions:

  • Single-stage stapes release with ossicular interposition is a viable and effective surgical option for tympanosclerosis in Ethiopia.
  • This approach achieves hearing improvements comparable to traditional methods without exacerbating sensorineural hearing loss.
  • The technique offers a practical solution for managing tympanosclerosis in resource-limited settings, improving accessibility to ear surgery.