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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
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A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
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Related Experiment Video

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Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
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Optimisation of sampling parameters for standardised exhaled breath sampling.

Sophie L F Doran1, Andrea Romano, George B Hanna

  • 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.

Journal of Breath Research
|December 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing breath sampling parameters is crucial for accurate volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in breath tests. The study identified optimal settings for detecting cancer biomarkers, improving clinical test reliability.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Standardization of breath sampling is lacking, hindering the clinical adoption of breath tests due to poor repeatability.
  • Existing breath sampling methods (on-line, bag) have limitations for multicenter studies, necessitating robust storage and transport solutions.
  • Devices concentrating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto thermal desorption (TD) tubes enable laboratory analysis and transport for large-scale studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of breath sampling parameters on the detection of VOCs, including potential biomarkers for oesophago-gastric cancer.
  • To determine optimal breath sampling conditions for reliable and repeatable results in clinical studies.
  • To assess the influence of breath fraction, sample volume, and flow rate on VOC recovery and identify sources of contamination.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted three experiments varying breath fraction (whole vs. lower airway), sample volume (125-1000 ml), and flow rate (50-400 ml/min).
  • Targeted VOCs included acetone and chemical classes associated with oesophago-gastric cancer (aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols).
  • Evaluated collection time, environmental contamination, and VOC recovery from TD tubes.

Main Results:

  • Increased sample volume generally improved detected VOC levels.
  • The effect of breath fraction and flow rate varied depending on the specific VOCs being measured.
  • Phenols and acetone recovery decreased at higher flow rates, while other VOCs were unaffected. Biomarker concentrations did not differ significantly between whole and lower airway breath.
  • A clean air supply reduced ambient contamination, but the collection device itself could introduce contaminants.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing breath sampling parameters is essential for enhancing the reliability of breath tests.
  • For detecting oesophago-gastric cancer biomarkers using VOCs, the optimal parameters identified are 500 ml of whole breath sampled at a flow rate of 200 ml/min.
  • Standardized breath collection protocols are vital for advancing the clinical application of breath analysis.