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Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Health Literacy01:21

Health Literacy

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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Cognitive Development During Adulthood

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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

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Published on: May 1, 2020

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Illiteracy and dementia.

Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki1

  • 1MD, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine and Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.

Dementia & Neuropsychologia
|December 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Illiteracy is a significant risk factor for dementia, impacting cognitive test performance. Addressing this requires improved diagnostic tools and considering factors beyond basic education levels.

Keywords:
cognitiondementiaeducationilliteracyneuropsychological evaluation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Lower educational levels and illiteracy are increasingly recognized as potential risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia.
  • Understanding the specific relationship between illiteracy and dementia is crucial for public health initiatives and clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between illiteracy and dementia.
  • To describe neuropsychological findings in illiterate populations.

Main Methods:

  • A literature search was conducted on the PubMed database.
  • Search terms included "dementia", "illiteracy", "neuropsychological evaluation", "educational levels", and "education".
  • Papers published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Illiteracy is an incontestable risk factor for dementia.
  • Illiteracy significantly influences performance on most cognitive tests.
  • Factors contributing to high dementia prevalence in illiterates include low cognitive reserve, poor cerebrovascular disease risk factor control, and challenges in cognitive evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Illiteracy is a confirmed risk factor for dementia.
  • Neuropsychological test adaptation and the use of functional tests alongside cognitive assessments are necessary to improve diagnostic accuracy in illiterate individuals.