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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury
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BPSD following traumatic brain injury.

Renato Anghinah1, Fabio Rios Freire1, Fernanda Coelho1

  • 1Center for Cognitive Rehabilitation Post-Traumatic Brain Injury of the Clinicas Hospital of the Division of Neurology, University of São Paulo.

Dementia & Neuropsychologia
|December 8, 2017
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Summary

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors often experience behavioral and psychological symptoms. Combined behavioral and pharmacological strategies are essential for managing these challenging issues and improving patient recovery.

Keywords:
BPSDTBItraumatic brain injurytreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 700,000 individuals annually in Brazil, leading to significant hospitalization rates.
  • Moderate to severe TBI can result in long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review TBI fundamentals and common Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in survivors.
  • To discuss post-acute management strategies for TBI patients with BPSD.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 15 TBI outpatients underwent comprehensive evaluations (neurological, neuropsychological, speech, occupational therapy).
  • Individualized rehabilitation plans were developed by an interdisciplinary team.
  • Pharmacological interventions were considered when necessary.

Main Results:

  • The study explores pharmacologic treatment options for cognitive, behavioral, and affective disorders post-TBI.
  • It provides information on structured cognitive rehabilitation services for TBI patients.
  • Offers potential solutions for patients and families impacted by TBI.

Conclusions:

  • Traumatic brain injury frequently leads to disabling psychiatric symptoms and syndromes.
  • Integrated behavioral and pharmacological approaches are crucial for effectively managing challenging behavioral problems in TBI recovery.