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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM
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Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective.

Javier Izquierdo1, Peter Knittel1,2, Christine Kranz3

  • 1Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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Summary

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a versatile nanoscale surface analysis technique. This review highlights the need for greater focus on the reliability and reproducibility of SECM data for quantitative electroanalytical chemistry.

Keywords:
Analytical figures of meritMethod validationNanoelectrodesScanning electrochemical microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has transitioned from a specialized tool to a widely adopted electroanalytical surface technique.
  • Recent advancements have significantly enhanced SECM for nanoscale electrochemical studies.
  • Commercial instruments are now available, broadening SECM's application scope across interdisciplinary fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in SECM for nanoscale electrochemical analysis.
  • To emphasize the critical importance of analytical figures of merit in SECM.
  • To discuss the reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of instrumental developments in SECM.
  • Analysis of SECM applications in interdisciplinary research.
  • Focus on quantitative data evaluation and analytical figures of merit.

Main Results:

  • SECM is a powerful technique with diverse applications, driven by instrumental progress.
  • There is a recognized need to improve the understanding and reporting of SECM data reliability.
  • Challenges exist in evaluating quantitative SECM data, impacting its broader adoption.

Conclusions:

  • SECM is a mature yet evolving technique crucial for nanoscale electrochemical studies.
  • Increased attention to analytical figures of merit is essential for robust quantitative SECM.
  • Further community discussion is needed to address challenges in SECM data evaluation and ensure reliable results.