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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Image Processing
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Laser irradiation can damage imaging sensors.
    • High laser irradiance poses a risk to sensitive optical equipment.
    • Mitigating laser-induced effects is crucial for sensor longevity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To reduce undesirable laser irradiation effects on imaging sensors.
    • To introduce a method for lowering focused laser irradiance.
    • To enhance image quality after laser exposure.

    Main Methods:

    • A pupil-plane phase element was used to broaden the point spread function.
    • Spatial light modulators implemented vortex, axicon, and cubic phase elements.
    • Wiener deconvolution was applied for image sharpening.
    • Joint deconvolution was used to combine information from multiple phase elements.

    Main Results:

    • Focused laser irradiance was significantly reduced.
    • Sharpened images were successfully restored using Wiener deconvolution.
    • Experimental demonstrations confirmed the effectiveness of vortex, axicon, and cubic phase elements.
    • Joint deconvolution improved image quality by overcoming modulation transfer function zeros.

    Conclusions:

    • Pupil-plane phase elements effectively mitigate laser damage to imaging sensors.
    • The proposed method enhances image quality while protecting sensor hardware.
    • Combining multiple phase elements with joint deconvolution offers superior image restoration.