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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

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Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

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Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
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Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates
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Renewable acrylonitrile production.

Eric M Karp1, Todd R Eaton1, Violeta Sànchez I Nogué1

  • 1National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Renewable acrylonitrile (ACN) production is achieved from bio-based 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP). This novel process offers higher yields and improved safety over traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Biotechnology
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a key industrial chemical primarily derived from petroleum.
  • Current ACN production methods face challenges related to safety and environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable and safer process for producing acrylonitrile (ACN) from renewable resources.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and scalability of a bio-based ACN production pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized microbial production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from sugars.
  • Developed a catalytic dehydration and nitrilation process using ethyl 3-hydroxypropanoate (ethyl 3-HP) and ammonia over a titanium dioxide catalyst.
  • Modeled an integrated, scaled-up process for ACN synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ACN molar yields exceeding 90% from ethyl 3-HP.
  • The integrated process demonstrated near-quantitative ACN yields (98 ± 2%) from ethyl acrylate.
  • The endothermic process design mitigates reaction hazards and avoids hydrogen cyanide by-products.

Conclusions:

  • A viable, high-yield, and safer route for renewable ACN production from bio-based 3-HP has been established.
  • This process presents a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based acrylonitrile synthesis.
  • The technology offers significant advantages in terms of safety, yield, and environmental footprint.