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Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Melting Can Hinder Impact-Induced Adhesion.

Mostafa Hassani-Gangaraj1, David Veysset2,3, Keith A Nelson2,3

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Localized melting hinders metallic microparticle adhesion during supersonic impact. Contrary to expectations, solidification takes too long to aid bonding, challenging previous assumptions in materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Physics of Impact

Background:

  • Melting is a common method for joining metallic materials, including welding and additive manufacturing.
  • Localized melting is widely believed to be crucial for adhering metallic microparticles to substrates during supersonic impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of melting in the adhesion of metallic microparticles to substrates during supersonic impact.
  • To challenge the prevailing notion that melting is always advantageous for impact-induced adhesion.

Main Methods:

  • In situ observation of individual metallic microparticles during supersonic impact.
  • Systematic study of melting effects on adhesion under controlled conditions.

Main Results:

  • Counterintuitively, melting was found to be disadvantageous and impede adhesion under certain conditions.
  • For particles of approximately 10 μm size and velocities of approximately 1 km/s, melting hinders adhesion.
  • Solidification time exceeds particle residence time on the substrate, making resolidification an insignificant factor in adhesion.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption that melting is essential for impact-induced adhesion of metallic microparticles is not universally true.
  • Melting can be detrimental to adhesion, particularly when solidification times are longer than particle-substrate residence times.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the complex mechanisms governing impact adhesion and the role of phase transitions.