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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.5K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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2.4K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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3.3K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Critical Spin Superflow in a Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensate.

Joon Hyun Kim1, Sang Won Seo1,2, Y Shin1,2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

Physical Review Letters
|December 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

We studied spin superflow in Bose-Einstein condensates. Critical dynamics reveal spin turbulence and domain formation, driven by soliton instability and magnon excitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are quantum states of matter.
  • Spinor BECs exhibit complex magnetic properties.
  • Understanding spin superflow is crucial for quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate critical dynamics of spin superflow.
  • Identify mechanisms causing dissipation and turbulence.
  • Explore phase transitions in antiferromagnetic spinor BECs.

Main Methods:

  • Inducing spin-dipole oscillations using magnetic field gradients.
  • Observing damping rates and soliton generation.
  • Analyzing modulation and snake instabilities.

Main Results:

  • Damping rate increases sharply above a critical field gradient.
  • Dissipation linked to dark-bright soliton generation.
  • Spin turbulence emerges from soliton decay.
  • Transverse magnon excitations create polar spin domains.

Conclusions:

  • Critical dynamics govern spin superflow in spinor BECs.
  • Soliton instabilities and magnon excitations drive turbulence and domain formation.
  • Findings offer insights into quantum magnetism and dissipation.