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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

5.0K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

1.7K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
7.0K
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

3.3K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
3.3K
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

1.5K
The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
1.5K
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

36.2K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Estrogen replacement therapy at menopause.

George T Griffing, Susan H Allen

    Postgraduate Medicine
    |December 9, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Early estrogen replacement therapy can prevent bone loss and reduce fracture rates in menopausal women. Estrogen may also offer cardiovascular protection, but risks of endometrial and breast cancer exist.

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    Area of Science:

    • Menopause and its associated health risks.

    Background:

    • Bone loss and cardiovascular disease are significant complications of menopause.
    • Estrogen plays a role in bone health and may impact cardiovascular health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To recommend early estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal women.
    • To examine the evidence for estrogen's protective effects on cardiovascular disease.
    • To discuss the risks of estrogen-related cancers.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing scientific literature on estrogen therapy, bone loss, cardiovascular disease, and cancer risks in menopausal women.

    Main Results:

    • Estrogen replacement therapy is effective in preventing bone loss and reducing fracture rates.
    • Evidence suggests potential cardiovascular protective benefits of estrogen replacement.
    • Estrogen therapy is associated with increased risks of endometrial and breast cancer.

    Conclusions:

    • Early estrogen replacement therapy is recommended for menopausal women to address bone loss and potential cardiovascular benefits.
    • The decision to use estrogen therapy should weigh benefits against the risks of endometrial and breast cancer.