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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

[Hypersensitivity reactions and vaccines].

T H Geersing¹, W J A Hilgersom, Ž Tempels-Pavlica

¹Stichting Health Base, afd. Medicatiebewaking, Houten.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde

|December 9, 2017

Summary

Severe hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are rare, with intramuscular adrenaline used for acute treatment. Most patients can be safely revaccinated under medical supervision.

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Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Public Health
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Growing concerns in the Netherlands regarding vaccine safety necessitate improved healthcare provider knowledge.
Understanding vaccine hypersensitivity is crucial for maintaining public trust and ensuring safe vaccination practices.

Purpose of the Study:

To inform healthcare providers about managing severe hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines.
To clarify the safety and management of revaccination following adverse events.

Main Methods:

Review of vaccine components known to cause hypersensitivity.
Outline of acute treatment protocols for severe reactions.
Guidance on specialist referral and revaccination strategies.

Main Results:

Severe hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are infrequent.
Key potential allergens include egg protein, gelatin, and thiomersal.
Intramuscular adrenaline is the primary acute treatment for severe reactions.

Conclusions:

Most patients experiencing severe reactions can be safely revaccinated in a monitored setting.
Mild side effects or delayed reactions do not typically contraindicate future vaccinations.
Accurate and complete documentation of hypersensitivity reactions is essential for patient care and future vaccination decisions.