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Related Concept Videos

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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The BRCA1-A complex restricts replication fork reversal-dependent DNA repair in ATM deficient cells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Replication Fork Reversal: Players and Guardians.

Annabel Quinet1, Delphine Lemaçon1, Alessandro Vindigni1

  • 1Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.

Molecular Cell
|December 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication fork reversal stabilizes DNA during genotoxic stress. Key proteins like BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 protect these reversed forks from degradation, ensuring genome stability.

Keywords:
BRCA1BRCA2DNA repairDNA replicationfork regressiongenome instabilityhomologous recombinationreplication fork restartreplication fork reversalreplication stress

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • DNA Repair

Background:

  • Genotoxic insults pose a threat to genome integrity.
  • Replication fork instability is a major consequence of DNA damage.
  • Replication fork reversal is a crucial stabilization mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on reversed fork formation.
  • To identify key molecular determinants of reversed fork formation.
  • To describe the protective role of homologous recombination factors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings.
  • Analysis of molecular determinants.
  • Description of protein functions in fork protection.

Main Results:

  • Replication fork reversal is a frequent response to genotoxic stress.
  • Specific molecular factors drive reversed fork formation.
  • BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 protect reversed forks from nucleolytic degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding reversed fork formation is key to DNA repair.
  • Homologous recombination factors are essential for protecting reversed forks.
  • This mechanism ensures genome stability following DNA damage.