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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit
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MicroRNAs: Milk's epigenetic regulators.

Bodo C Melnik1, Gerd Schmitz2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Germany.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|December 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Milk contains microRNAs (miRNAs) within exosomes and fat globules that regulate infant development. Deficiencies in infant formula or continued consumption of cow's milk may lead to adverse epigenetic effects.

Keywords:
DNA methyltransferase 1epigenetic regulationformulamiRNA-148amilkp53

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Epigenetics
  • Neonatal Nutrition

Background:

  • Milk is now understood as a complex system for maternal-neonatal communication.
  • Milk-derived exosomes and milk fat globules deliver microRNAs (miRNAs) crucial for infant development.
  • These milk components are resilient to digestion and can influence infant physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of milk miRNAs in infant epigenetic programming.
  • To identify key miRNAs and their targets within milk.
  • To assess the potential health implications of altered milk miRNA content.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of exosomal and milk fat globule contents in human and cow's milk.
  • Identification of abundant miRNAs, including miRNA-148a and miRNA-125b.
  • Assessment of miRNA targets, such as DNA methyltransferase 1 and p53.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes protect miRNAs from degradation, facilitating their uptake and systemic circulation.
  • miRNA-148a was found to downregulate DNA methyltransferase 1, impacting epigenetic regulation.
  • miRNA-125b was identified as a target of p53, affecting the genome's integrity.
  • Infant formula often lacks sufficient exosomal miRNAs, while cow's milk consumption extends miRNA exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Milk miRNAs are vital for infant epigenetic programming.
  • Deviations from natural milk miRNA profiles, such as in infant formula, may have long-term health consequences.
  • Continued consumption of cow's milk post-weaning could also represent an epigenetic aberration.