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Published on: April 5, 2024
Long-term cardiovascular reprogramming by short-term perinatal exposure to nicotine's main metabolite cotinine
Stefano Bastianini1, Viviana Lo Martire1, Alessandro Silvani1
1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (PRISM Lab), Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Aim:
Gather 'proof-of-concept' evidence of the adverse developmental potential of cotinine (a seemingly benign biomarker of recent nicotine/tobacco smoke exposure).
Methods:
Pregnant C57 mice drank nicotine- or cotinine-laced water for 6 wks from conception (NPRE = 2% saccharin + 100 μg nicotine/mL; CPRE = 2% saccharin + 10 μg cotinine/mL) or 3 wks after birth (CPOST = 2% saccharin + 30 μg cotinine/mL). Controls drank 2% saccharin (CTRL). At 17 ± 1 weeks (male pups; CTRL n = 6; CPOST n = 6; CPRE n = 8; NPRE n = 9), we assessed (i) cardiovascular control during sleep; (ii) arterial reactivity ex vivo; and (iii) expression of genes involved in arterial constriction/dilation.
Results:
Blood cotinine levels recapitulated those of passive smoker mothers' infants. Pups exposed to cotinine exhibited (i) mild bradycardia - hypotension at rest (p < 0.001); (ii) attenuated (CPRE , p < 0.0001) or reverse (CPOST ; p < 0.0001) BP stress reactivity; (iii) adrenergic hypocontractility (p < 0.0003), low protein kinase C (p < 0.001) and elevated adrenergic receptor mRNA (p < 0.05; all drug-treated arteries); and (iv) endothelial dysfunction (NPRE only).
Conclusion:
Cotinine has subtle, enduring developmental consequences. Some cardiovascular effects of nicotine can plausibly arise via conversion into cotinine. Low-level exposure to this metabolite may pose unrecognised perinatal risks. Adults must avoid inadvertently exposing a foetus or infant to cotinine as well as nicotine.
