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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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Solitary thyroid nodules.

Margot Boigon, Darilyn Moyer

    Postgraduate Medicine
    |December 12, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Evaluating thyroid nodules involves history, physical exam, lab tests, and imaging. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy results guide diagnosis and treatment for these common thyroid conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Oncology
    • Diagnostic Medicine

    Background:

    • Thyroid nodules are common findings requiring careful evaluation.
    • Distinguishing benign from malignant nodules is crucial for appropriate patient management.
    • A systematic approach simplifies the diagnostic process.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline a straightforward diagnostic strategy for thyroid nodules.
    • To emphasize key elements in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules.
    • To guide clinicians in categorizing thyroid nodules efficiently.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of established diagnostic protocols for thyroid nodules.
    • Integration of patient history and physical examination findings.
    • Utilization of laboratory studies and diagnostic imaging techniques.
    • Role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis.

    Main Results:

    • Thyroid nodules can often be categorized as benign or malignant with reasonable accuracy.
    • A combination of clinical assessment and imaging aids in initial stratification.
    • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy provides critical information for subsequent management.

    Conclusions:

    • The diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules can be effectively streamlined.
    • A multi-faceted approach ensures accurate initial assessment.
    • Timely and accurate diagnosis facilitates appropriate treatment decisions for thyroid nodules.