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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Adjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer.

Lloyd D Berkowitz, Neil Love

    Postgraduate Medicine
    |December 12, 2017
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    Summary

    Breast cancer patients and doctors face many prognostic factors for adjuvant therapy. This review examines the complex field and offers guidance on posttreatment follow-up strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Breast Cancer Research
    • Adjuvant Therapy

    Background:

    • Adjuvant systemic therapy decisions for breast cancer rely on prognostic factors.
    • Uncertainty persists regarding optimal treatment approaches.
    • Posttreatment follow-up requires clear guidelines.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review prognostic factors influencing adjuvant systemic therapy in breast cancer.
    • To examine current recommendations for posttreatment follow-up care.
    • To address unanswered questions in breast cancer management.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of prognostic factors in breast cancer.
    • Analysis of current guidelines for adjuvant therapy.
    • Synthesis of recommendations for patient follow-up.

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    Main Results:

    • Key prognostic factors influencing adjuvant therapy choices are identified.
    • Gaps in knowledge regarding optimal treatment strategies are highlighted.
    • Evidence-based recommendations for posttreatment surveillance are presented.

    Conclusions:

    • Informed decision-making regarding adjuvant therapy is crucial for breast cancer patients.
    • Standardized posttreatment follow-up protocols are essential for optimal outcomes.
    • Further research is needed to refine treatment guidelines and improve survivorship.