Head and neck reconstruction with free flaps based on the thoracodorsal system

The advent or micro-vascular free tissue transfer has facilitated the reconstruction of increasingly complex head and neck defects. There are multiple donor sites available, each with its' own advantages and disadvantages. However, the subscapular system, including the thoracodorsal system, provides the widest array of soft tissue and osseous flaps, as well as chimeric options. Its advantages include a long pedicle, independently mobile tissue components, relative sparing from atherosclerosis, and minimal donor site morbidity. The soft tissue flaps available from the thoracodorsal system include the Latissimus Dorsi, and Thoracodorsal Artery Perforator flaps, while the Tip of Scapula provides the osseous component. This review paper outlines the anatomical basis for these flaps, as well as describing their utility in head and neck reconstruction.