Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
10:19

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

16.8K

Pediatric Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Review with Pooled Analysis and Critical Care Emphasis

Kenneth E Remy1,2,3, Jason W Custer1, Joshua Cappell4

  • 1Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|December 12, 2017
PubMed

Insights

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a serious condition in children. Early recognition and multidisciplinary care are crucial for improving outcomes in pediatric NMDAR encephalitis.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is increasingly diagnosed in pediatric populations.
  • Limited evidence exists for guiding critical care management in affected children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature and perform a pooled analysis of published case reports and series on pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
  • To understand the clinical presentation, treatment strategies, and outcomes in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science.
  • Studies published between 2005 and May 2016 were included, using keywords related to NMDAR encephalitis in children.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 373 cases from 48 studies revealed common first-line treatments including corticosteroids (89.8%), intravenous immunoglobulin (79.3%), and plasma exchange (31%).
  • Outcomes showed 50.1% full recovery with minor deficits, 46.7% partial recovery with major deficits, and 12 deaths. Mechanical ventilation was required in 14 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-NMDAR encephalitis presents with diverse clinical features and variable treatment responses.
  • Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach are essential for timely access to therapies.
  • Further research is necessary to evaluate the long-term efficacy of current treatment strategies.
Abstract

Keywords:
N-methyl-d-aspartateN-methyl-d-aspartate receptorautoimmunecritical careencephalitisparaneoplasticpediatrics

More Related Videos

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood07:20

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood

Published on: January 9, 2018

10.4K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

1.2K

Related Concept Videos

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...