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Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Bonds00:42

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes
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Multivalent ions induce lateral structural inhomogeneities in polyelectrolyte brushes.

Jing Yu1,2,3, Nicholas E Jackson1,2, Xin Xu4

  • 1Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Science Advances
|December 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors influence polyelectrolyte structures. Combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface forces apparatus (SFA), and simulations reveals how solvent conditions and multivalent ions induce phase separation in poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) brushes.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Polyelectrolyte behavior is highly sensitive to environmental conditions.
  • Understanding the structure of polyelectrolyte brushes is crucial for their application in areas like coatings and biomaterials.
  • Previous studies have lacked direct visualization of inhomogeneities in collapsed polyelectrolyte systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural organization of planar poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) brushes under varying solvent conditions.
  • To elucidate the role of multivalent counterions and solvent quality in inducing phase separation within PSS brushes.
  • To combine experimental techniques with molecular simulations for a comprehensive understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for direct surface imaging.
  • Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) for measuring interaction forces.
  • Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations for modeling brush behavior.

Main Results:

  • AFM provided the first direct visualization of lateral inhomogeneities in collapsed PSS brushes with trivalent counterions.
  • Lateral inhomogeneities were absent in PSS brushes collapsed in poor solvent without multivalent ions.
  • Combined data revealed that solvophobic effects and multivalent ions drive phase separation via electrostatic bridging.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors, specifically solvent quality and multivalent ions, significantly impact PSS brush structure.
  • Electrostatic bridging is a key mechanism in the formation of collapsed structures in PSS brushes.
  • The study provides a detailed molecular-level understanding of phase separation in polyelectrolyte systems.