Low levels of iron enhance UV/H₂O₂ efficiency at neutral pH

While the presence of iron is generally not seen as favorable for UV-based treatment systems due to lamp fouling and decreased UV transmittance, we show that low levels of iron can lead to improvements in the abatement of chemicals in the UV-hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process. The oxidation potential of an iron-assisted UV/H₂O₂ (UV₂₅₄ + H₂O₂ + iron) process was evaluated at neutral pH using iron levels below USEPA secondary drinking water standards (<0.3 mg/L). Para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) was used as a hydroxyl radical (HO) probe to quantify HO steady state concentrations. Compounds degraded by different mechanisms including, carbamazepine (CBZ, HO oxidation) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA, direct photolysis), were used to investigate the effect of iron on compound degradation for UV/H₂O₂ systems. The effects of iron species (Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺), iron concentration (0-0.3 mg/L), H₂O₂ concentration (0-10 mg/L) and background water matrix (low-carbon tap (LCT) and well water) on HO production and compound removal were examined. Iron-assisted UV/H₂O₂ efficiency was most influenced by the target chemical and the water matrix. Added iron to UV/H₂O₂ was shown to increase the steady-state HO concentration by approximately 25% in all well water scenarios. While CBZ removal was unchanged by iron addition, 0.3 mg/L iron improved NDMA removal rates in both LCT and well water matrices by 15.1% and 4.6% respectively. Furthermore, the combination of UV/Fe without H₂O₂ was also shown to enhance NDMA removal when compared to UV photolysis alone indicating the presence of degradation pathways other than HO oxidation.