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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq
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Brain gene expression signature on primate genomic sequence evolution.

Shahar Barbash1, Thomas P Sakmar2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.

Scientific Reports
|December 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primate brain evolution shows surprisingly constrained gene expression. DNA and RNA analyses reveal significant similarities in brain tissues, highlighting gene regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Primate evolution involved significant brain changes.
  • Molecular-level changes were expected but a constrained gene expression pattern was observed in the primate brain.
  • This suggests RNA expression's influence on primate genome evolution needs reevaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of gene regulation on primate genome evolution.
  • To compare DNA-based and RNA-based phylogenetic trees in primate brain tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed phylogenetic trees using genomic sequences from functional genomic regions.
  • Analyzed tissue-specific RNA expression data across eight tissue types for six primate species.
  • Compared DNA- and RNA-based phylogenetic trees, focusing on promoter regions and specific brain tissues (cerebellum, frontal cortex).

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic trees derived from DNA and RNA expression data showed significant similarity in primate brain tissues.
  • This similarity was particularly pronounced for promoter regions.
  • The findings were specific to expression in the cerebellum and frontal cortex.

Conclusions:

  • Gene regulation, particularly in specific brain regions like the frontal cortex and cerebellum, significantly impacts genome shaping during primate evolution.
  • The constrained gene expression pattern in the brain plays a crucial role in primate genome evolution.
  • RNA expression has a substantial influence on primate genome evolution, contrary to initial expectations.