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Upper limb function in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Elizabeth Hotham1, Miranda Haberfield1, Susan Hillier2

  • 1School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.

Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
|December 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show impaired upper limb function, including poorer dexterity and altered grip force control during object manipulation compared to typically developing peers.

Keywords:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderHandMovementPsychostimulantSubstantia nigra

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting executive functions.
  • Upper limb motor control is crucial for daily activities and academic performance.
  • Objective assessment of motor function in ADHD can reveal subtle deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate upper limb function in children with ADHD using objective quantitative methods.
  • To compare dexterity, force application, and movement rhythmicity between children with and without ADHD.
  • To identify specific domains of upper limb function affected by ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Two groups of age- and gender-matched children (35 controls, 29 with ADHD) were assessed off medication.
  • Objective measures included grip and lift force, finger tapping rhythmicity, pinch grip strength, and tremor.
  • The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was administered for standardized assessment.

Main Results:

  • Children with ADHD exhibited significantly lower and more variable grip force when lifting a novel object.
  • Poorer movement rhythmicity in finger tapping and reduced performance on MABC-2 dexterity and aiming/catching tasks were observed in the ADHD group.
  • No significant differences were found in movement speed, maximal pinch grip strength, or tremor.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD is associated with specific deficits in upper limb function, particularly in grip force control, manipulation, and motor rhythmicity.
  • These findings highlight objective motor impairments in children with ADHD, impacting daily functioning.
  • Not all aspects of upper limb function are affected, suggesting domain-specific motor challenges in ADHD.