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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury
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Stem Cells in Spinal Fusion.

Michael A Robbins1, Dominik R Haudenschild1, Adam M Wegner1

  • 1University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.

Global Spine Journal
|December 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise for spinal fusion, with stem cell grafts yielding higher fusion rates than autografts in preclinical models. Clinical data suggests minimal difference between MSCs and bone marrow aspirates, indicating potential for spinal surgeons.

Keywords:
bone graftbone marrow aspiratemesenchymal stem cellsspinal fusiontissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Spinal fusion surgery often relies on autografts, which have limitations and associated morbidity.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored as an alternative or adjunct for bone graft development in spinal fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on the application of MSCs in spinal fusion.
  • To highlight the potential of MSCs in bone graft development.
  • To discuss limitations of MSCs in spinal fusion based on preclinical and clinical data.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of existing literature was performed.
  • Studies included both animal (preclinical) and human (clinical) models of spinal fusion augmented with stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Eleven preclinical studies showed higher fusion rates with stem cell grafts (73.7%) compared to autografts (59.8%).
  • Fifteen clinical studies (7 prospective, 8 retrospective) reported comparable fusion rates between experimental MSC groups (87.1%) and autograft controls (87.2%).
  • Outcomes were assessed using radiography, micro-computed tomography (μCT), and histological analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Commercially available MSCs demonstrate minimal clinical difference compared to bone marrow aspirates, suggesting their utility in patients with poor marrow quality.
  • MSCs may offer a viable alternative to overcome autograft limitations in spinal fusion.
  • Further research is necessary to fully establish the efficacy of stem cells in augmenting spinal fusion.