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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Correction: Pleomorphic Adenoma with Epithelial Atypia, Apocrine Metaplasia, and/or In situ/Intracapsular Salivary Duct Carcinoma Are Indolent Lesions with Good Prognosis: A Proposal for Unified Nomenclature and Clinical Observation.

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Hereditary and familial thyroid tumours.

Julie Guilmette1, Vania Nosé1

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Histopathology
|December 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally. Understanding inherited thyroid cancer syndromes, like familial medullary and non-medullary thyroid carcinomas, aids early detection and risk assessment.

Keywords:
familial adenomatous polyposisfamilial medullary thyroid carcinomafamilial non-medullary thyroid carcinomafamilial thyroid carcinomamultiple endocrine neoplasia

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Global incidence of thyroid malignancies is rapidly increasing.
  • Early detection and advanced imaging have identified thyroid cancer as the fastest-growing cancer in the USA.
  • Clinical awareness of inherited risk factors aids in identifying vulnerable populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review hereditary thyroid cancer syndromes.
  • To differentiate between familial medullary and non-medullary thyroid carcinomas.
  • To highlight the aggressive nature and distinct pathology of familial thyroid cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hereditary thyroid cancer syndromes.
  • Classification of familial thyroid cancers based on cell origin (C-cell vs. follicular cell).
  • Subclassification of familial non-medullary thyroid carcinomas (FNMTC) into two groups based on associated tumors.

Main Results:

  • Familial medullary thyroid carcinomas (FMTCs) arise from C-cells and include syndromes like MEN IIA/IIB.
  • Familial non-medullary thyroid carcinomas (FNMTCs) arise from follicular cells.
  • FNMTCs are subclassified into those with non-thyroidal tumors and those with predominantly non-medullary thyroid tumors.
  • Familial thyroid cancers often exhibit more aggressive behavior than sporadic types, including lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal invasion, and earlier onset.

Conclusions:

  • Recognition of distinct thyroid pathology in familial syndromes is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Familial thyroid cancer syndromes present with varied clinical and pathological features.
  • Understanding these hereditary patterns is essential for risk stratification and management.